BioPharm International March April 2026

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, remains largely unresponsive to today’s clinically proven immunotherapies. Credit: Stock.Adobe.com/freshidea.

Despite decades of progress in cancer immunotherapy, glioblastoma remains largely resistant due to blood-brain barrier constraints, tumor heterogeneity, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment; advances in recombinant antibody engineering—including multispecific formats, nanobody fusions, and Fc optimization—are emerging as potential strategies to address these long-standing biological and translational barriers.