Vaccine manufacturers face a convergence of challenges that are reshaping how manufacturing capacity is designed and deployed. Product pipelines have diversified considerably, spanning live attenuated, inactivated, viral vector, recombinant protein, and nucleic acid-based vaccines, each with distinct development and production requirements. At the same time, emerging infectious diseases such as Ebola, dengue, Lassa fever, and other outbreak-prone pathogens have increased the need for manufacturing platforms that can be implemented and scaled rapidly.1 Cost remains an important consideration, particularly for manufacturers supporting routine immunization programs and supplying low- and middle-income countries.2
