This article explores unintended consequences of automatically using operator error as the root cause of performance deviations.
In addition, the article describes how to conduct a root-cause analysis of training events using a cause-and-effect diagram.
The diagram is slightly modified to encompass the "4-M" checklist—man, machine, methods, and materials—while integrating questions
and suggestions focused on training system elements.
At the conclusion of performance training events, there is usually some form of assessment of the knowledge gained or a demonstration
of skills learned. Then, after the formal attendee documentation is completed, trainees return to work. If a performance problem
occurs soon thereafter, an investigation is launched to determine what happened. More often than not, the root cause is documented
as "operator error," and the corrective action is retraining. How many times have you heard of this scenario?
What's wrong with using operator error as a root cause? First, it draws regulators' attention to weaknesses in your current
training program and the management of the training program. In addition, it identifies flaws in the organization's corrective
actions and preventive actions (CAPA) program. Here's why: the label "operator error" sends a blatant message that training
wasn't effective and that operations are not in control. That in turn leads to the impression that the CAPA program is weak
because the firm conducts inadequate root-cause investigations.
Therefore, companies must recognize that identifying operator error as a root cause strongly suggests to external regulators
that things are not right, and that the real root cause needs to be more thoroughly analyzed and effectively addressed by
the organization to demonstrate that the training and CAPA systems are performing as designed.
HOW REGULATORS REACT TO OPERATOR ERROR
Table 1. Elements of a typical corrective action–preventive action (CAPA) program
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When regulators are onsite conducting an inspection or any type of visit that leads to a review of the training or CAPA program,
potential follow-up questions are always asked regarding operator errors. The first and obvious question is: "Why wasn't the
training effective?" This question can lead to scrutiny of the effectiveness of the training system and an exploration into
the types of knowledge checks or learning assessments that are conducted. Be prepared to produce the approved training procedures.
The next potential question suggests a lack of confidence in the organization's ability to perform tasks correctly on the
production floor. Subsequent questions follow, including: "How many times does operator error occur?" "Is it with a specific
operator?" "Is it with a specific procedure?" and "What is management doing about this?" Be prepared to explain the course
of action taken to remedy the situation.
HOW QUALITY ASSURANCE GROUPS REACT TO OPERATOR ERROR
Quick Recap
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An industry trend is slowly emerging: Not only is operator error signaling an alarm for external investigators, but internal
quality assurance (QA) groups, as well, are starting to reject operator error as the root cause of an investigation, especially
if it is a repeat issue leading to the uncomfortable questions listed above.
