Nipon Das, MD
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Certain areas of the vaccine market appear to be in vogue again, revitalized by blockbusters such as Prevnar, the pneumococcal
pneumonia vaccine that reaped $1.5 billion in sales last year, and the human papilloma virus vaccines, which are projected
to reach $4 billion per year.
Unfortunately, this glory has not reached influenza vaccines. Last season's flu vaccine shortage and the current challenges
in preparing for a flu pandemic reveal the untenable nature of our flu vaccine supply chain.
The major cost driver of vaccines is not R&D or sales and marketing, but manufacturing. The price of a new vaccine manufacturing
facility can easily reach $300 to $500 million—a cost not easily justifiable when flu vaccines are reimbursed at $20 a patient.
In this situation, we need creative approaches to find new solutions.
Because market forces have failed to provide sufficient incentives to flu vaccine manufacturers, long-term solutions require
public sector support. While governments are addressing the demand side of the equation through advanced purchase agreements,
the Economic Alliance of Greater Baltimore—a public-private economic and business development group—is addressing the cost
side of the equation through several novel, public-private business models that lower costs and risks to the manufacturer.
LEASE AGREEMENTS REDUCE RISK AND COSTS
Advanced purchase agreements for vaccines provide a good business incentive, but only for the short term. Leases, by contrast,
reduce long-term investment exposure. We have learned from the public financing and real estate industry that combining access
to cheap capital and "condo-style" leasing arrangements can lower the cost of production without relying on government subsidies
or tax incentives that may not be sustainable. Many case studies show this method has been effective at jump-starting industries
like waste management and hotels.
1,2
MODULAR AND COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION
Vaccine manufacturers can learn from Japanese car manufacturers. While several American auto manufacturers built single-model
or single-platform plants for SUVs—which are now in the doldrums—several Japanese companies built modular plants that produce
various car models for different markets. These plants can respond quickly to market dynamics, scaling up production of popular
products and scaling back waning ones.3
Another lesson can be applied from the "coopetition" strategy that Chrysler, Hyundai, and Mitsubishi are adopting to jointly
build high-efficiency engine blocks at a single facility for economy cars.4 This cooperation allows these companies to surmount high, fixed costs to enter a fragmented market for low-profit cars.5
While the vaccine industry continues to heat up, there is much work to be done to bridge the relative gap between the high
cost of production and commodity pricing. Organizations—both public and private—need to keep an open mind to all solutions
to ensure that the vaccine supply chain does not continue to falter.
Nipon Das,MD, is the executive vice-president of the Economic Alliance of Greater Baltimore, 111 South Calvert St., Suite 2220, Baltimore,
MD 21202, 410.637.4102, ndas@greaterbaltimore.org
